Solar cell assembly with combined handle substrate and bypass diode and method

ABSTRACT

A solar cell assembly and method are disclosed. The solar cell assembly comprises a substrate having a front surface and a back surface, wherein the substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse bias protection, and wherein the substrate functions as a bypass diode. The solar cell assembly further comprises a multijunction solar cell having a plurality of solar cell layers, wherein the multijunction solar cell has a first surface and a second surface, the first surface being attached to the front surface of the substrate. The solar cell assembly further comprises an electrical connector element positioned adjacent the front surface of the substrate and the first surface of the multijunction solar cell, a first contact coupled to the back surface of the substrate, and at least one second contact coupled to a portion of the second surface of the multijunction solar cell.

BACKGROUND

1) Field of the Disclosure

The disclosure relates generally to solar cells, and more specificallyto inverted metamorphic solar cells and thin multijunction solar cells.

2) Description of Related Art

Solar cells or photovoltaic cells are devices designed to convertavailable light into electrical energy. Assemblies of such cells may beused to make solar panels, solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays, whichcan, in turn, be used to provide electrical power for a variety ofapplications such as satellites, spacecraft, and other space relatedapplications; solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft,and other aircraft applications; and other suitable applications. Insuch applications, size, weight, and cost are factors to be considered,for example, the size, weight and cost of a satellite power system maybe dependent on the energy and power conversion efficiency of the solarcells used.

A solar cell may include a flat photovoltaic wafer made from p-type orn-type crystalline semiconductor material, such as silicon, galliumarsenside, germanium, or another suitable material, in or on which athin surface layer of the opposite conductivity type may be formed. Theinterface between the surface layer and the main region of the waferdefines a semiconductor junction. Solar cells may be modeled as diodesthat respond to illumination by becoming forward biased and establishinga voltage across the cell. In addition, multijunction solar cells,formed from a combination of group III to group V materials and commonlyreferred to as Advanced “III-V” cells, may produce a somewhat higherforward voltage.

The solar cells may be assembled into arrays of solar cells connectedtogether in series strings to provide a desired voltage, in parallel toprovide a desired current, or in a series-parallel combination. When allof the solar cells in an array are illuminated, the solar cells areforward biased, and they each produce their respective voltage orcurrent outputs which sum together to maintain the desired overalloutput. However, if one or more of the solar cells becomes shadowed, ornot illuminated, those cells may become reverse biased due to thevoltage generated by the unshadowed cells. For example, a spacecraftantenna may cast a shadow across an array. The effect of shadowing asolar cell in a series string depends upon the specific characteristicsof the solar cell. If the solar cell has a very low reverse current,reverse biasing the cell can effectively force the string output tozero. If the cell electrically breaks down at a relatively low reversevoltage, the effect of shadowing a solar cell on the string output isreduced. Reverse biasing of a cell can cause permanent degradation ordamage in cell performance or even complete cell failure.

Bypass diodes, typically made of silicon, may be used to minimize outputlosses and to protect cells against reverse bias when they becomeshadowed. Bypass diodes may be connected across single cells, acrossstrings of cells, or across rows of parallel-connected cells. Bypassdiodes that have very low reverse currents can avoid reducing current inthe solar cell during normal operation, which can reduce powerefficiency. When the cell becomes shadowed, the current flow through thecell may be limited, causing the cell to become reverse biased. This cancause the bypass diode to become forward biased. Most of the current canflow through the bypass diode rather than through the shadowed cell,thus allowing current to continue flowing through the array. The bypassdiode can limit the reverse bias voltage across the cell therebyprotecting the shadowed cell.

Known methods have been used to provide solar cells, including invertedmetamorphic (IMM) solar cells, with bypass diode protection. One knownmethod uses a bypass diode in the form of a discrete silicon flat diode.Such known bypass diode is typically separately mounted to a backsurface of the solar cell. The bypass diode can protrude from the backsurface of the solar cell thus making bonding more difficult. When thesolar cell is cracked, portions of the solar cell may not be protectedby the bypass diode. In addition, the bypass diode may be affixed to acorner of the solar cell thus making automated handling a challenge.Such known method may result in complex and inefficient assembly becausethe method may require the connection of adjoining cells to be formed bythe assembler of the array rather than the cell manufacturer, thusresulting in increased cost.

Another known method uses a bypass diode in the form of a monolithicdiode that can be built into the solar cell epitaxial (EPI) structure,wherein the epitaxial structure is defined for purposes of thisapplication as the growth of a crystalline film on a crystallinesubstrate such that the film and substrate have the same structuralorientation. Inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cells or other thinmultifunction cells may require a handle substrate for ease of handling.A handle substrate, or base substrate, of such known bypass diode istypically a separate component that is bonded to the solar cell or IMMsolar cell structure. The handle substrate is used to provide mechanicalsupport for the thin solar cell structure. Typically, the handlesubstrate may be made of germanium. However, germanium is a densematerial and can be expensive, heavy, and brittle. Increased weight canaffect mass sensitive missions by spacecraft or other high specificpower applications, and the handle substrate may have decreasedrobustness due to the brittleness of germanium. Moreover, the knownmonolithic diode may be difficult to incorporate into the solar cell,IMM solar cell, or other cell structure and may be unstable in higheroperating temperature applications.

In addition, methods for attaching the handle substrate to solar cell orthin IMM solar cell structures are known. Such known methods may includedirect bonding or soldering. However, such known methods can result inelectrical performance degradation, breakage, poor bond uniformity,unknown thermal cycle performance, and increased expense, and may uselow throughput bonding equipment.

Accordingly, there is a need for a thin multifunction solar cell orinverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell and method that providesadvantages over known solar cells and methods.

SUMMARY

This need for a thin multijunction solar cell or inverted metamorphic(IMM) solar cell and method that provides advantages over known cellsand methods is satisfied. Unlike known solar cells and methods,embodiments of the solar cell and method of the disclosure may provideone or more of the following advantages: provides a thin multijunctionsolar cell or inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell and method having acombined handle substrate and bypass diode, such that the handlesubstrate has a p-n junction capable of providing bypass protection andreverse bias protection; provides a thin multijunction solar cell orinverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell and method having decreased massand cost, improved handling, and simplified assembly; provides a thinmultifunction solar cell or inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell andmethod having a handle substrate with a mass that may be about 45% lessmass for an equivalent handle thickness of germanium; provides a thinmultijunction solar cell or inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell andmethod that may be used in satellites, spacecraft, and other spacerelated applications; solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmannedaircraft, and other suitable aircraft applications; applications wherehigh specific power is needed; portable power applications; and othersuitable applications; provides a thin multijunction solar cell orinverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell and method that minimizes oreliminates electrical performance degradation, breakage, poor bonduniformity, and unknown thermal cycle performance, and the use of lowthroughput bonding equipment; provides a thin multijunction solar cellor inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell and method where the combinedsubstrate and bypass diode may be manufactured by the cell manufactureras an integral part of the cell itself, taking the responsibility forthe bypass diode away from the array assembler; provides a thinmultijunction solar cell or inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell andmethod having high efficiency cells with the ability to convert 30-33%of sunlight energy into electrical energy; and provides a thinmultijunction solar cell or inverted metamorphic (IMM) solar cell andmethod having a combined handle substrate and bypass diode with contactacross the entire bypass diode to provide improved bypass protection inthe case of a cell crack and to provide bypass protection to eachportion of a cracked cell.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, a solar cell assembly is disclosed.The solar cell assembly comprises a substrate having a front surface anda back surface. The substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse biasprotection, and the substrate functions as a bypass diode. The solarcell assembly further comprises a multijunction solar cell having aplurality of solar cell layers. The multijunction solar cell has a firstsurface and a second surface, the first surface being attached to thefront surface of the substrate. The solar cell assembly furthercomprises an electrical connector element wherein a portion of theelectrical connector element is positioned adjacent the front surface ofthe substrate and the first surface of the multijunction solar cell. Thesolar cell assembly further comprises a first contact coupled to theback surface of the substrate and at least one second contact coupled toa portion of the second surface of the multijunction solar cell.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, an inverted metamorphic solarcell assembly is disclosed. The inverted metamorphic solar cell assemblycomprises a silicon handle substrate having a front surface and a backsurface, wherein the substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse biasprotection, and wherein the substrate functions as a bypass diode. Thesolar cell assembly further comprises an inverted metamorphic solar cellhaving a plurality of solar cell layers, wherein the invertedmetamorphic solar cell has a first surface and a second surface, thefirst surface being attached to the front surface of the substrate. Thesolar cell assembly further comprises an electrical connector elementwherein a portion of the electrical connector element is positionedadjacent the front surface of the substrate and the first surface of theinverted metamorphic solar cell, and wherein the electrical connectorelement comprises an electrically conductive metal. The solar cellassembly further comprises a first metal contact having a first polaritycoupled to the back surface of the substrate and at least one secondmetal contact having a second polarity coupled to a portion of thesecond surface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, a method for enhancingperformance of a solar cell assembly is disclosed. The method comprisesforming on a first substrate a multifunction solar cell having aplurality of solar cell layers, wherein the multijunction solar cell hasa first surface and a second surface. The method further comprisesproviding a second substrate having a front surface and a back surface,wherein the second substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse biasprotection, and wherein the substrate functions as a bypass diode. Themethod further comprises coupling an electrical connector element to aportion of the front surface of the second substrate. The method furthercomprises attaching the first surface of the multijunction solar cell tothe front surface of the second substrate, wherein the electricalconnector element is positioned adjacent the front surface of the secondsubstrate and the first surface of the multijunction solar cell. Themethod further comprises removing the first substrate from themultifunction solar cell, coupling a first contact to the back surfaceof the second substrate, and coupling at least one second contact to aportion of the second surface of the multijunction solar cell.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, a method for enhancingperformance of an inverted metamorphic solar cell assembly is disclosed.The method comprises forming on a germanium growth substrate an invertedmetamorphic solar cell having a plurality of solar cell layers, whereinthe inverted metamorphic solar cell has a first surface and a secondsurface. The method further comprises providing a silicon handlesubstrate having a front surface and a back surface, wherein the siliconhandle substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse bias protection,and wherein the silicon handle substrate functions as a bypass diode.The method further comprises coupling an electrical connector element toa portion of the front surface of the silicon handle substrate, whereinthe electrical connector element comprises an electrically conductivemetal. The method further comprises attaching the first surface of theinverted metamorphic solar cell to the front surface of the siliconhandle substrate, wherein the electrical connector element is positionedadjacent the front surface of the silicon handle substrate and the firstsurface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell. The method furthercomprises removing the germanium growth substrate from the secondsurface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell. The method furthercomprises coupling a first metal contact having a first polarity to theback surface of the silicon handle substrate, coupling at least onesecond metal contact having a second polarity to a portion of the secondsurface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell, and providing aninterconnect element for attaching the inverted metamorphic solar cellassembly to a second inverted metamorphic solar cell assembly, whereinthe interconnect element has a top portion attached to the at least onesecond metal contact, a bottom portion attached to the first metalcontact, and a middle portion attached to an electrical connectorelement of the second inverted metamorphic solar cell assembly.

The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can beachieved independently in various embodiments of the disclosure or maybe combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can beseen with reference to the following description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure can be better understood with reference to the followingdetailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawingswhich illustrate preferred and exemplary embodiments, but which are notnecessarily drawn to scale, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an illustration in cross section of an advantageous embodimentof a solar cell assembly of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is an illustration in cross section of an inter cell attachmentof advantageous embodiments of solar cell assemblies of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a flow diagram of an advantageousembodiment of a method of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 is an illustration in cross section of a solar cell formed in amethod step of an advantageous embodiment of the method of thedisclosure;

FIG. 5 is an illustration in cross section of a solar cell attached to asecond substrate having an electrical connector element in anothermethod step of an advantageous embodiment of the method of thedisclosure;

FIG. 6 is an illustration in cross section of a solar cell attached to asecond substrate having an electrical connector element and removing afirst substrate in another method step of an advantageous embodiment ofthe method of the disclosure; and,

FIG. 7 is an illustration in cross section of an advantageous embodimentof a solar cell with combined handle substrate and bypass diode afterthe completion of method steps of an advantageous embodiment of themethod of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all ofthe disclosed embodiments are shown. Indeed, several differentembodiments may be provided and should not be construed as limited tothe embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are providedso that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fullyconvey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

The disclosure provides for a solar cell assembly and method that may beused in satellites, spacecraft, and other space related applications;solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft, and othersuitable aircraft applications; applications where high specific poweris needed; portable power applications; and other suitable applications.Accordingly, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize andappreciate that the solar cell assembly and method may be used in anynumber of applications involving satellites, spacecraft, and other spacerelated applications; solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmannedaircraft, and other suitable aircraft applications; applications wherehigh specific power is needed; portable power applications; and othersuitable applications.

Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIG. 1 is an illustrationin cross section of an advantageous embodiment of a solar cell assembly10. The solar cell assembly 10 comprises a substrate 12 having a frontsurface 14 and a back surface 16. The substrate 12 is preferably ahandle substrate comprising a material such as silicon, silicon onsapphire, amorphous silicon, aluminum, germanium, or another suitablematerial. Preferably, the material is silicon. The substrate 12 has ap-n junction 18 providing reverse bias protection. The p-n junction 18may comprise a simple diffused p-n junction or another suitable p-njunction. The p-n junction is a junction formed by combining p-type andn-type semiconductor materials in close contact. The substrate 12functions as a bypass diode, and thus, the substrate and bypass diodeare combined into one, simplifying assembly as opposed to beingseparately attached elements. Because contact is across the entirecombined substrate 12 and bypass diode rather than a discrete diode,improved bypass protection is provided to the multijunction solar cell.With the disclosed solar cell assembly 10, even if the cell cracks, itis still protected against reverse bias degradation. Silicon or one ofthe other suitable substrates is preferred over substrates such asgermanium because silicon is about half the density and mass ofgermanium. Silicon has less mass and can result in the overall solarcell assembly having less mass. This can be advantageous for space basedsolar arrays where mass is a consideration. This can also beadvantageous for solar powered aircraft, such as high altitude longendurance (HALE) aircraft, where the solar energy conversion efficiencyprovided by solar cells, such as inverted metamorphic solar cells,affects the mass. In addition, other applications where high specificpower may be used, such as portable power for military applications, canbenefit from the disclosed solar cell. Moreover, a silicon handlesubstrate may be less costly than a germanium handle substrate. Asubstrate comprising silicon on sapphire may also be used at some massimpact. A substrate comprising amorphous silicon may also be used,providing the p-n junction provides the appropriate reverse biasprotection, does not exhibit high reverse leakage, and has acceptablemass and handling characteristics. The substrate 12 may have a thicknessin the range of about 0.001 inch to about 0.002 inch.

The solar cell assembly 10 further comprises a multijunction solar cell20 having a plurality of solar cell layers 22, 24, 26, 28. For example,solar cell layer 22 may comprise gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs) oranother suitable material. For example, solar cell layer 24 may comprisea transparent buffer material or another suitable material. For example,solar cell layer 26 may comprise gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs) oranother suitable material. For example, solar cell layer 28 may comprisegallium indium phosphide (GaInP) or another suitable material. It shouldbe noted that the multijunction solar cell 20 structure may be formed ofany suitable combination of group III to group V elements listed in theperiodic table subject to lattice constant and band gap requirements,wherein the group III elements include boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium(Ga), indium (in), and thallium (T); the group IV elements includecarbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn); and the group Velements include nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), arsenic (As), antimony(Sb), and bismuth (Bi). Although four solar cell layers are shown, morethan four solar cell layers, or one, two, or three solar cell layers mayalso be used. The layers 22, 24, 26, 28 may each have a thickness in therange of about 0.5 micron to about 3.5 microns. The multifunction solarcell 20 may be fabricated in vertical, multifunction structures, anddisposed in horizontal arrays, with the individual solar cell layersconnected together in a series. The shape and structure of an array, aswell as the number of cells it contains, are determined in part by thedesired output voltage and current. The overall multifunction solar cellmay have a thickness of about 0.5 mil (0.0005 inch) thick or in therange of about 0.4 mil (0.0004 inch) to about 0.6 mil (0.0006 inch).

As shown in FIG. 1, the multijunction solar cell 20 has a first surface30 and a second surface 32. The first surface 30 is attached to thefront surface 14 of the substrate 12. The first surface 30 of themultifunction solar cell 20 faces and typically contacts the substrate12, and is opposite the oppositely disposed second surface 32 of themultifunction solar cell 20. A conductive bonding material 34 may beused to bond the front surface 14 of the substrate 12 to the firstsurface 30 of the multifunction solar cell 20. The conductive bondingmaterial 34 may comprise silicone, epoxy, solder, braze, or anothersuitable conductive bonding material. A silicone conductive bondingmaterial may be used to bond the multifunction solar cell 20 to thesubstrate 12 since the current conduction through the silicone may beduring reverse bias, making the substrate 12 attach process simpler thanknown direct bonding or solder approaches. Other attachment methods forattaching the multifunction solar cell 20 to the substrate 12 may alsobe used. The multifunction solar cell 20 may comprise an invertedmetamorphic solar cell 76 (see FIG. 4), thin multifunction solar cells,thin films, or other suitable solar cells. The multijunction solar cell20 may comprise at least one junction 35 below a second surface 32 ofthe multijunction solar cell 20.

The solar cell assembly 10 further comprises an electrical connectorelement 36. A portion 38 of the electrical connector element 36, such asan interior portion, is positioned adjacent the front surface 14 of thesubstrate 12 and the first surface 30 of the multijunction solar cell20. An exterior portion 40 of the electrical connector element 36 mayprotrude exteriorly to the solar cell assembly 10. The portion 38 of theelectrical connector element 36 may be coupled or attached to the frontsurface 14 of the substrate 12 via bonding with conductive bondingmaterial or another suitable bonding process. The electrical connectorelement 36 may be in the configuration of an electrical contact tab 84(see FIGS. 5-7) or another suitable configuration. The electricalconnector element 36 may comprise an electrically conductive metal oranother suitable material. The electrical connector element 36 may havea thickness in the range of about 0.0005 inch to about 0.002 inch. Theelectrical connector element 36 provides bypass connection to the solarcell assembly 10. The solar cell assembly 10 further comprises a firstcontact 42 having a front surface 44 coupled to the back surface 16 ofthe substrate 12. The first contact 42 is preferably a metal contacthaving a first polarity. The first contact 42 may be in the form of ametallic layer that overlies the back surface 16 of the substrate 12.The first contact 42 may have a thickness in the range of about 5microns to about 7 microns. The solar cell assembly 10 further comprisesat least one second contact 46 having a back surface 48 coupled to aportion S0 of the second surface 32 of the multijunction solar cell 20.The second contact 46 is preferably a metal contact having a secondpolarity. The second contact 46 may be in the form of metallic stripsoverlying the second surface 32 of the multijunction solar cell 20. Thesecond contact 46 may have a thickness in the range of about 5 micronsto about 7 microns. The first contact 42 and the second contact 46 maycollect the multijunction solar cell 20 electrical current resultingfrom electrical carriers produced by the multifunction solar cell layers22, 26, 28.

As shown in FIG. 2, the solar cell assembly 10 may further comprise aninterconnect element 52 for attaching the solar cell assembly 10 to asecond solar cell assembly 10 a. The interconnect element 52 may have atop portion 56 attached to the at least one second contact 46, a bottomportion 58 attached to the first contact 42, and a middle portion 60attached to the electrical connector element 36 of the second solar cellassembly 10 a. The solar cell assembly 10 may be used in satellites,spacecraft, solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft,aircraft, and portable power devices, dirigibles, or other suitablevehicles or devices. FIG. 2 is an illustration in cross section of aninter cell attachment 62 of the solar cell assembly 10 and the secondsolar sell assembly 10 a of the disclosure. The solar cell assembly 10and the second solar cell assembly 10 a both include substrate 12, p-njunction 18, multijunction solar cell 20 having layers 22, 24, 26, 28,electrical connector element 36, first contact 42, and second contact46. The solar cell assemblies may be electrically connected to eachother by electrical connections in a series and/or parallel array toproduced a required voltage and current output of the solar cellassembly.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a block flow diagram of the steps of anadvantageous embodiment of a method 70 of the disclosure. In thisembodiment of the disclosure, there is provided a method 70 forenhancing performance of a solar cell assembly 10 (see FIG. 1). Themethod 70 comprises step 72 of forming on a first substrate 74 (see FIG.4) a multijunction solar cell 20 having a plurality of solar cell layers22, 24, 26, 28. The multijunction solar cell 20 has a first surface 30and a second surface 32. The multijunction solar cell 20 is preferablyan inverted metamorphic solar cell 76. The first substrate 74 may be agrowth substrate or growth seed substrate comprised of a material suchas germanium, gallium arsenside, silicon, or other compatiblesemiconductor materials. The multijunction solar cell 20 may be grown onthe first substrate 74. FIG. 4 is an illustration in cross section ofthe multijunction solar cell 20, preferably an inverted metamorphicsolar cell 76, formed on first substrate 74 in method step 72. The solarcell layers may be formed or grown via epitaxy or another suitableprocess.

The method further comprises step 78 of providing a second substrate 80having a front surface 14 and a back surface 16. The second substrate 80may be a handle substrate comprised of a material such as silicon,silicon on sapphire, amorphous silicon, aluminum, germanium, or anothersuitable material. Preferably, the second substrate 80 is a siliconhandle substrate as shown in FIG. 5. The second substrate 80 has a p-njunction 18 providing reverse bias protection. The p-n junction 18 maycomprise a simple diffused p-n junction or another suitable p-njunction. The second substrate 80 functions as a bypass diode, and thus,the substrate and bypass diode are combined into one, simplifyingassembly as opposed to being separately attached elements. The methodfurther comprises step 82 of coupling an electrical connector element 36in the form of an electrical contact tab 84 to a portion 86 of the frontsurface 14 of the second substrate 80. The electrical connector element36 may be coupled or attached to the second substrate 80 via bondingwith conductive bonding material or another suitable bonding process.The electrical connector element 36 may be comprised of an electricallyconductive metal or another suitable material.

The method further comprises step 88 of attaching the first surface 30of the multifunction solar cell 20 to the front surface 14 of the secondsubstrate 80. The electrical contact tab 84 is positioned adjacent thefront surface 14 of the second substrate 80 and the first surface 30 ofthe multifunction solar cell 20. Conductive bonding material 34 may beused to bond the front surface 14 of the second substrate 80 to thefirst surface 30 of the multifunction solar cell 20. The conductivebonding material 34 may comprise silicone, epoxy, solder, braze, oranother suitable conductive bonding material may be used. FIG. 5 is anillustration in cross section of the multifunction solar cell 20,preferably an inverted metamorphic solar cell 76, formed on firstsubstrate 74 and attached to the second substrate 80 having theelectrical contact tab 84 in method step 88.

The method further comprises step 90 of removing the first substrate 74from the multifunction solar cell 20. FIG. 6 is an illustration in crosssection of the multifunction solar cell 20, preferably an invertedmetamorphic solar cell 76, attached to the second substrate 80 havingthe electrical contact tab 84 and removing the first substrate 74 inmethod step 90. The first substrate 74 may be removed by etching oranother suitable removal process.

The method further comprises step 92 of coupling first contact 42 to theback surface 16 of the second substrate 80. The first contact 42 ispreferably a metal contact and may be coupled or attached to the backsurface 16 of the second substrate 80 via vacuum deposition or anothersuitable process. The method further comprises step 94 of coupling atleast one second contact 46 to a portion 50 of the second surface 32 ofthe multifunction solar cell 20. The second contact 46 is preferably ametal contact and may be coupled or attached to the portion 50 of thesecond surface 32 of the multijunction solar cell 20 via vacuumdeposition or another suitable process. FIG. 7 is an illustration incross section of the multifunction solar cell 20, preferably an invertedmetamorphic solar cell 76, attached to the second substrate 80 havingthe electrical contact 84 and having the first contact 42 and secondcontact 46 attached after the completion of method steps 92, 94.

The method in one embodiment may optionally further comprise step 96 ofproviding an interconnect element 52 for attaching the solar cellassembly 10 to a second solar cell assembly 10 a (see FIG. 2), whereinthe interconnect element 52 has a top portion 56 attached to the atleast one second contact 46, a bottom portion 58 attached to the firstcontact 42, and a middle portion 60 attached to the electrical connectorelement 36 of the second solar cell assembly 10 a. The method may beused for enhancing performance of solar cell assemblies for use insatellites, spacecraft, solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmannedaircraft, aircraft, portable power devices and other suitableapplications.

The disclosed solar cell assembly 10 combines the substrate 12,preferably in the form of a silicon handle substrate 80, and bypassdiode for reverse bias protection. Subsequent assembly may be simplerwith the disclosed solar cell assembly 10. For a design incorporatingthe disclosed solar cell assembly 10 with silicon handle substrate 80, amass savings for a typical satellite may be about 50 kilograms,resulting in a significant cost savings. For a HALE mission of 250 kw(kilowatts), there may be a reduction of 250 kg (kilograms) per vehicle,a substantial fraction of the vehicle's mass. The solar cell assembly 10of the disclosure provides a lightweight, weight saving and cost savingdesign and method for aerospace, aircraft and other suitableapplications. Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosurewill come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this disclosurepertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoingdescriptions and the associated drawings. The embodiments describedherein are meant to be illustrative and are not intended to be limiting.Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

1. A solar cell assembly comprising: a substrate having a front surfaceand a back surface, wherein the substrate has a p-n junction providingreverse bias protection, and wherein the substrate functions as a bypassdiode; a multifunction solar cell having a plurality of solar celllayers, wherein the multijunction solar cell has a first surface and asecond surface, the first surface being attached to the front surface ofthe substrate; an electrical connector element wherein a portion of theelectrical connector element is positioned adjacent the front surface ofthe substrate and the first surface of the multijunction solar cell; afirst contact coupled to the back surface of the substrate; and, atleast one second contact coupled to a portion of the second surface ofthe multifunction solar cell.
 2. The solar cell assembly of claim 1wherein the substrate is a handle substrate comprised of a materialselected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon on sapphire,amorphous silicon, aluminum, and germanium.
 3. The solar cell assemblyof claim 2 wherein the substrate is a handle substrate comprised ofsilicon.
 4. The solar cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the p-n junctionis a simple diffused p-n junction.
 5. The solar cell assembly of claim 1wherein the multijunction solar cell is an inverted metamorphic solarcell.
 6. The solar cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the electricalconnector element comprises an electrically conductive metal.
 7. Thesolar cell assembly of claim 1 wherein the first contact is a metalcontact having a first polarity, and wherein the at least one secondcontact is a metal contact having a second polarity.
 8. The solar cellassembly of claim 1 further comprising an interconnect element forattaching the solar cell assembly to a second solar cell assembly,wherein the interconnect element has a top portion attached to the atleast one second contact, a bottom portion attached to the firstcontact, and a middle portion attached to an electrical connectorelement of the second solar cell assembly.
 9. The solar cell assembly ofclaim 1 wherein the solar cell assembly is used in satellites,spacecraft, solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft,aircraft, portable power devices, and dirigibles.
 10. An invertedmetamorphic solar cell assembly comprising: a silicon handle substratehaving a front surface and a back surface, wherein the substrate has ap-n junction providing reverse bias protection, and wherein thesubstrate functions as a bypass diode; an inverted metamorphic solarcell having a plurality of solar cell layers, wherein the invertedmetamorphic solar cell has a first surface and a second surface, thefirst surface being attached to the front surface of the substrate; anelectrical connector element wherein a portion of the electricalconnector element is positioned adjacent the front surface of thesubstrate and the first surface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell,and wherein the electrical connector element comprises an electricallyconductive metal; a first metal contact having a first polarity coupledto the back surface of the substrate; and, at least one second metalcontact having a second polarity coupled to a portion of the secondsurface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell.
 11. The solar cellassembly of claim 10 further comprising an interconnect element forattaching the solar cell assembly to a second solar cell assembly,wherein the interconnect element has a top portion attached to the atleast one second metal contact, a bottom portion attached to the firstmetal contact, and a middle portion attached to an electrical connectorelement of the second solar cell assembly.
 12. The solar cell assemblyof claim 10 wherein the solar cell assembly is used in satellites,spacecraft, solar powered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft,aircraft, portable power devices, and dirigibles.
 13. A method forenhancing performance of a solar cell assembly comprising: forming on afirst substrate a multijunction solar cell having a plurality of solarcell layers, wherein the multijunction solar cell has a first surfaceand a second surface; providing a second substrate having a frontsurface and a back surface, wherein the second substrate has a p-njunction providing reverse bias protection, and wherein the substratefunctions as a bypass diode; coupling an electrical connector element toa portion of the front surface of the second substrate; attaching thefirst surface of the multijunction solar cell to the front surface ofthe second substrate, wherein the electrical connector element ispositioned adjacent the front surface of the second substrate and thefirst surface of the multijunction solar cell; removing the firstsubstrate from the multijunction solar cell; coupling a first contact tothe back surface of the second substrate; and, coupling at least onesecond contact to a portion of the second surface of the multifunctionsolar cell.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the first substrate is agrowth substrate comprised of a material selected from the groupconsisting of germanium, gallium arsenside, and silicon.
 15. The methodof claim 13 wherein the second substrate is a handle substrate comprisedof a material selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon onsapphire, amorphous silicon, aluminum, and germanium.
 16. The method ofclaim 13 wherein the multijunction solar cell is an inverted metamorphicsolar cell.
 17. The method of claim 13 wherein the electrical connectorelement comprises an electrically conductive metal.
 18. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising the step of providing an interconnectelement for attaching the solar cell assembly to a second solar cellassembly, wherein the interconnect element has a top portion attached tothe at least one second contact, a bottom portion attached to the firstcontact, and a middle portion attached to an electrical connectorelement of the second solar cell assembly.
 19. The method of claim 13wherein the solar cell assembly is used in satellites, spacecraft, solarpowered aircraft, high altitude unmanned aircraft, aircraft, portablepower devices, and dirigibles.
 20. A method for enhancing performance ofan inverted metamorphic solar cell assembly comprising: forming on agermanium growth substrate an inverted metamorphic solar cell having aplurality of solar cell layers, wherein the inverted metamorphic solarcell has a first surface and a second surface; providing a siliconhandle substrate having a front surface and a back surface, wherein thesilicon handle substrate has a p-n junction providing reverse biasprotection, and wherein the silicon handle substrate functions as abypass diode; coupling an electrical connector element to a portion ofthe front surface of the silicon handle substrate, wherein theelectrical connector element comprises an electrically conductive metal;attaching the first surface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell tothe front surface of the silicon handle substrate, wherein theelectrical connector element is positioned adjacent the front surface ofthe silicon handle substrate and the first surface of the invertedmetamorphic solar cell; removing the germanium growth substrate from thesecond surface of the inverted metamorphic solar cell; coupling a firstmetal contact having a first polarity to the back surface of the siliconhandle substrate; coupling at least one second metal contact having asecond polarity to a portion of the second surface of the invertedmetamorphic solar cell; and, providing an interconnect element forattaching the inverted metamorphic solar cell assembly to a secondinverted metamorphic solar cell assembly, wherein the interconnectelement has a top portion attached to the at least one second metalcontact, a bottom portion attached to the first metal contact, and amiddle portion attached to an electrical connector element of the secondinverted metamorphic solar cell assembly.